Civil and Building Engineering

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Isometric Projections - a pictorial projection of a solid object on a plane surface drawn so that all vertical lines remain vertical and of true scale length, all horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30 and are of true scale length therefore scale measurements can be taken on the vertical and 30 lines but cannot be taken on any other inclined line.

A similar drawing can be produced using an angle of 45 for all horizontal lines and is called an Axonometric Projection


ISOMETRIC PROJECTION SHOWING SOUTH AND WEST ELEVATIONS OF SMALL GARAGE AND WORKSHOP ILLUSTRATED ON PAGE 23

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Orthographic projection - a means of drawig independent views of a solid object on a plane surface.

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Sketch - this can be defined as a draft or rough outline of an idea, it can be a means of depicting a three-dimensional form in a two-dimensional guise. Sketches can be produced free-hand or using rules and set squares to give basic guide lines.

All sketches should be clear, show all the necessary detail and above all be in the correct proportions.

Sketches can be drawn by observing a solid object or they can be produced from conventional orthographic views but in all cases can usually be successfully drawn by starting with an outline `box' format giving length, width and height proportions and then building up the sketch within the outline box.

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Location Drawings 

Site Plans - used to locate site, buildings, define site levels, indicate services to buildings, identify parts of
site such as roads, footpaths and boundaries and to give setting out dimensions for the site and buildings as
a whole. Suitable scale not less than 1 : 2500

Floor Plans - used to identify and set out parts of the building such as rooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc., Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100

Elevations - used to show external appearance of all faces and to identify doors and windows. Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100

Sections - used to provide vertical views through the building to show method of construction. Suitable scale
not less than 1 : 50

Component Drawings

used to identify and supply data for components to be supplied by a manufacturer or for components not
completely covered by assembly drawings. Suitable scale range 1 : 100 to 1 : 1

Assembly Drawings 

used to show how items fit together or are assembled to form elements. Suitable scale range 1 : 20 to 1 : 5
All drawings should be fully annotated, fully dimensioned and cross referenced.

Ref. BS EN ISO 7519: Technical drawings. Construction drawings. General principles of presentation for general arrangement and assembly drawings.

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1. ARCHITCTS DRAWINGS
2. ENGINEERS DRAWINGS
3. SCHEDULES 
4. SPECIFICATIONS
5. CONTRACT DOCUMENT

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A Building or Construction Site can be considered as a temporary factory employing the necessary resources to successfully fulfil a contract.

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Dwelling houses

Flats